If you look at some packaged food, theres usually a nutritional label and will say carbohydrates. Module 11 carbohydrates lecture 29 carbohydrates i nptel. Some carbohydrates also contain nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur. Given a fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it by. Chemically all carbohydrates are polyhydroxy contain many hydroxyl, oh, groups aldehydes or ketones. Organic chemistry university of california riverside. As a current student on this bumpy collegiate pathway, i stumbled upon course hero, where i can find study resources for nearly all my courses, get online help from tutors 247, and even share my old projects, papers, and lecture notes with other students. Each diastereomer is a different carbohydrate with different properties, known by a different name. Carbohydrate loading discussed below is used to generate extra glycogen and requires a carbohydrate intake of 7080%. The term carbohydrate comes from the fact that when you heat sugars, you get carbon and water. Carbohydrate lecture notes free download as pdf file. They have general molecular formulas that make them appear to be hydrates of carbon, cnh2on.
The number of carbon atoms in a molecule is used in the suffix of carbohydrate naming. You have remained in right site to begin getting this info. Liquid meals can be a convenient and beneficial way to get calories and carbohydrate at times when eating solid food may not be feasible or may make them uncomfortable. Carbohydrates arbohydrates are a major class of naturally occurring organic com pounds, which come by their name because they usually have, or approximate, the general formula c,h,o,, with n equal to or greater than three. Although i like to encourage real food most of the time, there is a need for liquid meals on occasion. Carbohydrates book pdf free download link book now. Biomolecules notes class 12 chemistry chapter 14 edubuzz notes.
Just as using the proper gasoline, oil, or radiator fluid, is important for your vehicle, eating the proper food will directly affect how the body machine operates. Pharmii sem page 14 gitam deemed to be university email. This video by professor john essigmann provides an introduction to carbohydrate catabolism. If youre having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, wed love to hear from you. These characteristics are combined to name monosaccharide carbohydrates. Chapter 7 notes 3 classification of carbohydrates 4 carbohydrates carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis c c ho hoh hohc hohc ch2oh ribose the term carbohydrate comes from the fact that when you heat sugars, you get carbon and water. Lipids are non polar so they are soluble in nonpolar environments thus not being water soluble because water is polar.
Jan 08, 2012 ch2o h oh c ohc h c oh hoh h c c h oh carbohydrates. They are synthesized by nearly all plants and animals, which use them to store energy and deliver it to the cells. Typical carbohydrates are composed of strings or chains of monosaccharides that is, chains of individual sugars. Introduction, properties, classification and biological significance. Carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into many monosaccharide units. It is the first video in the metabolism portion of the course. This document is highly rated by botany students and has been viewed 752 times. Asparagine and glutamine are amide derivatives of aspartate and glutamate, respectively. Chemistry 108 chapter 12 lecture notes carbohydrates 1.
They have general molecular formulas that make them appear to be hydrates of carbon, cn h2on. Some common examples of carbohydrates are cane sugar, glucose, starch, etc. Baked goods commonly contain dietary starch and added sugar. Each days intake of nutrients may affect your body only slightly, but a lifetime of poor food choices can have a devastating affect on total. They are defined as poly hydroxyaldehyde or ketones or the substances which on hydrolysis yield either aldehyde or ketone. Right click on the pdf and select save as option to save the file to your computer. Carbohydrates biochemistry short notes easybiologyclass. Introduction twenty percent of the human body is made up of proteins. Identify acetal and hemiacetal bonding patterns in carbohydrates.
The development of this lecture note for training health extension workers is an arduous assignment for ato melkie edris at university of gondar essentially, it required the consolidation and merging of existing in depth training materials, examination of health extension package manuals and the curriculum. The type of monosaccharides in the chain, length of the chain, and method of linking all determine the composition of the carbohydrate. The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in the majority of carbohydrates will be in 2. Chemistry 108 chapter 12 lecture notes carbohydrates 1 chapter 12 lecture notes. Fat 9 calories per gram carbohydrates and protein 4 calories per gram. Instructor what were going to do in this video is give ourselves a quick introduction to carbohydrates, and you might already be familiar with the notion. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The food we eat is our only source of energy for performing biological work fig 25. Key differences in covalent bonding make some carbohydrates more digestible than others. Polysaccharides contain very long chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide units, which may be either in straight or branched chains e.
Introduction to carbohydrates carbohydrates are an abundant biomolecule. Given a fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it by the number of carbons it contains. Carbohydrates serve as principal energy sources for the body. The simplest monosaccharides are glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone with 3. They focus on the biochemical pathways that we find in humans, and they also take into account some physiological and clinical aspects. They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones with a carbon backbone. There is not a single topic which is missing in the notes so dont worry about that. Jan 05, 2015 video was part of 2014 summer scholarship project with csiro called the hungry microbiome for more visit. For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums. If you consume more calories than you use up, it will be stored as fat. Carbohydrates are a class of nutrients that includes sugars, starches, fi bers, and related molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, amino sugars, and more. Chapter 2 protein structure 31 side chains with polar but uncharged groups six amino acids have side chains with polar groups figure 2.
Athlete recommendation is 5 to 10 grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight per day a. Chapter 7 notes 5 classes of carbohydrates monosaccharides contain a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit saccharo is greek for sugar e. Most of them have a general formula, cxh2oy, and were considered as hydrates of carbon from where the name carbohydrate was derived. Chemistry notes for class 12 chapter 14 biomolecules biomolecules are the organic compounds which form the basis of life, i. Structure and function of biomolecules 8 structure and function of biomolecules table of contents 1. Proteins are the most versatile class of molecules in living organisms. The illustrated models need to depict each of the following. Joseph esdin photosynthesis carbohydrate digestion and. This is a valuable basic chapter and one that breaks new ground. A diet rich in carbohydrates increases both endurance and intermittent highintensity performance because of the extra store of carbohydrates in the muscles and liver, called glycogen. The process of digestion and absorption of foods and the bodys use of it for growth and replacement of cells. Some common examples are cane sugar, glucose, starch, etc.
All carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon and they contain c, h and o. Oligosaccharides contain from 3 to 10 monosaccharide units e. Chapter 12 lecture notes carbohydrates recognizing the way ways to get this book chapter 12 lecture notes carbohydrates is additionally useful. Proteins are the large, complex molecules that are critical for normal functioning of cells. Organization of the digestive system organs of the digestive system are divided into 2 main group. It is well documented that athletes need to replenish carbohydrate stores in the body, especially during periods of intense training or competition. Carbohydrates book pdf free download link or read online here in pdf. Although the title of this book might suggest at first sight that it is a general textbook of carbohydrate biochemistry, it is in fact a collection of eight fairly long 3570 pp. Therefore these are molecules with a formula rcooh where r is a hydrocarbon chain. All the reaction steps take place in the cytoplasm. Given a fischer projection of a monosaccharide, identify it as a dsugar or lsugar. Some of the top benefits of reading these notes are.
Carbohydrates are primarily produced by plants and form a very large group of naturally occurring organic compounds. Gi tract is a continuous tube extending through the ventral cavity from the mouth to the anus it consists of the mouth, oral cavity. Be sure you understand how to draw and interpret fischer projections, as they are widely used in carbohydrate chemistry. The aldoses with six or fewer carbons are given as fischer projections. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. More than 75% of the dry weight of the plant world is carbohydrate in nature particularly cellulose and lignin. Given a fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it as either aldoses or ketoses. Introduction to sugar chemistry pdf overview of glycolysis pdf 1. Living organisms, whether they are microorganisms, plants or animals are basically made up of the same chemical components. Using the lecture notes and the data from the previous laboratory activity, students create drawings to represent models of the three common categories of carbohydrates that were tested in the laboratory activity. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine have side chains with hydroxyl oh groups. Class includes plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, yeasts and some algaes. Plant products are the major source of carbohydrates and average human diet contains 23 of carbohydrates. The notes, and the corresponding slides, are also freely available in pdf and powerpoint formats.
They are naturally occuring polymers of monosacchardes. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The sequence that relates biomolecules to living organism is. Monosaccharides also known as simple sugars are the simplest carbohydrates containing 37 carbon atoms. Proper nutrition is a vital consideration for athletes who seek to maximize their performance. Carbohydrates constitute the major 80% of dry weight part in the plant. Carbohydrate lecture notes carbohydrates glucose scribd. Introduction to carbohydrates carbohydrates are a large class of naturally occurring polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Nutrition notes creative foods class eden prairie high school. Lipids are essential components of all living organisms lipids are water insoluble organic compounds they are hydrophobic nonpolar or. Proteins o the amino acids o the peptide bond o the protein conformation o the secondary structures. You will consume about 50 tons of food in your lifetime.
Carbohydrates can be classified in to monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharides. Lipids 25 o fatty acids o hormones derived from fatty acids. Using the lecture notes and the data from the previous laboratory activity, students create drawings to represent models of the three common categories of carbohydrates that were t. Jul 20, 2015 mar 27, 2020 lecture 6 carbohydrate metabolism botany notes edurev is made by best teachers of botany. These notes will be very helpful in case you are preparing for the mbbs and usmle exam. Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units linked together by a covalent bond e. Proteins to a large extent, cells are made of protein, which constitutes more than half of their dry weight table 2. Definition, types, classification, examples and functions. King chapter 28 carbohydrates carbohydrates are the most abundant class of organic compounds in the plant world.
Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polymers of glucose. Mono is the smallest sugar unit, disaccharide is made up of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. The lecture outline tells you that if a food label uses the term enriched, it means that 5 specific nutrients are required to be added. Fatty acids a fatty acid is a molecule characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain. Lecture 6 carbohydrate metabolism botany notes edurev. A monosaccharide mono one, saccharide sugar is the smallest carbohydrate unit. This energy is stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules e. Colonie high ap biology demarcogoldberg plant structure obtaining raw materials sunlight leaves solar collectors co 2 stomates gas exchange h 2 o uptake from roots nutrients uptake from roots photosynthesis overview light reactions lightdependent. Among the wellknown carbohydrates are various sugars, starches, and cellulose, all.
Module carbohydrate metabolism biochemistry 30 notes 3 carbohydrate metabolism 3. Three carbon monosaccharides are called trioses, four carbon are called tetroses, five carbon are called pentoses, six carbon are hexoses, and so on. Know the difference between complex and simple carbohydrates and the amounts of each recommended in the daily diet. Notes on carbohydrates carbohydrates serve as principal energy sources for the body. Burger discuss in detail carbohydrates and cellsurface phenomena. Hydrolysis hydro water lysis to destroy definition. Chemistry notes for class 12 chapter 14 biomolecules. Ncert biology notes pdf vitamins,protein,fat,carbohydrates. The carbon backbone in monosaccharides usually consists of 3 6 carbon atoms. Sekhar university college of pharmaceutical sciences department of pharmaceutical chemistry acharya nagarjuna university guntur 1 2. It will tell you a certain number of grams per serving. They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of.